Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Restore Endothelial Integrity and Alleviate Emotional Impairments in a Diabetic Mouse Model via Inhibition of MMP-9 Activity

doi: 10.3390/ijms26073355

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. DM mice exhibit synaptic deficits and increased neuroinflammation in the HIP. (A) Repre- sentative WB images showing the expression levels of the presynaptic protein synapsin I (SYN1) and the postsynaptic protein postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in the HIP of CTL and DM mice. β-actin was used as an internal control. (B) Semi-quantitative analysis of PSD95 and SYN1 expression levels from immunoblot experiments. n = 6. (C) Representative images of Iba1 immunostaining in the HIP of CTL and DM mice. The area within the dashed box is magnified and displayed in the insets. Scale bars: 100 µm (main images) and 20 µm (insets). (D) Quantitative analysis of Iba1-positive microglia in the HIP of CTL and DM mice. n = 5. (E) qPCR analysis of iNOS and Arg1 mRNA levels in the HIP of CTL and DM mice. n = 6. (F) qPCR analysis of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA levels in the HIP of CTL and DM mice. n = 6. (G) ELISA measuring IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels in the serum of CTL and DM mice. n = 3. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using a one-tailed unpaired t-test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The membranes were blocked and incubated overnight with the following antibodies: PSD95 (SYSN, Toronto, ON, Canada, 124002, 1:1000); SYN1 (SYSN, 106011, 1:1000); Cldn5 (Invitrogen, 35-2500, 1:1000); Ocln (Invitrogen, 71-1500, 1:1000); and MMP9 (Boster, Shanghai, China; PB9669, 1:1000).

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Western Blot, Immunostaining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, One-tailed Test

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Restore Endothelial Integrity and Alleviate Emotional Impairments in a Diabetic Mouse Model via Inhibition of MMP-9 Activity

doi: 10.3390/ijms26073355

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. MSC treatment attenuated DM-induced neuroinflammation and synaptic deficits. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of Iba1 staining in the HIP of mice from the CTL, MSC, DM, and DM+MSC groups. The dashed box indicates the magnified region shown in the insets. Scale bars: 100 µm (main images) and 20 µm (insets). (B) Quantitative analysis of Iba1+ microglia in the HIP. n = 4. (C) qPCR analysis of iNOS and Arg1 mRNA levels in the HIP of mice from the CTL, MSC, DM, and DM+MSC groups. n = 9. (D) qPCR analysis of mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the HIP of mice from the CTL, MSC, DM, and DM+MSC groups. n = 9. (E) ELISA results showing serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in CTL, MSC, DM, and DM+MSC mice. n = 4. (F) Representative WB images of PSD95 and SYN1 expression in the HIP. β-actin was used as a loading control. (G) Semi-quantitative analysis of PSD95 and SYN1 protein levels. n = 6. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The membranes were blocked and incubated overnight with the following antibodies: PSD95 (SYSN, Toronto, ON, Canada, 124002, 1:1000); SYN1 (SYSN, 106011, 1:1000); Cldn5 (Invitrogen, 35-2500, 1:1000); Ocln (Invitrogen, 71-1500, 1:1000); and MMP9 (Boster, Shanghai, China; PB9669, 1:1000).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Expressing, Control

Journal: Cell Metabolism

Article Title: Warburg-like metabolic transformation underlies neuronal degeneration in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.07.014

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Rabbit anti Synapsin , Merck , Cat#574778; RRID: AB_565174.

Techniques: Virus, Recombinant, Knock-Out, Fluorescence, Cell Culture, Sample Prep, Protease Inhibitor, Lysis, Extraction, Lactate Assay, Activity Assay, Software, Functional Assay, Imaging

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Synapsin Utilization Differs among Functional Classes of Synapses on Thalamocortical Cells

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4631-05.2006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synapsin double knock-out mice and wild-type mice had similar characteristics of short-term depression in retinogeniculate synapses. A, Responses evoked by paired-pulse stimulation of retinal afferents in wild-type (WT) and double knock-out (KO) mice. Summated data from all recordings are shown. Error bars indicate SEM. The inset shows examples of five superimposed traces with different interstimulus intervals. Top traces, Wild-type mouse; bottom traces, synapsin I and II double knock-out mouse. B, Responses to pulse-train stimulation with 300 pulses delivered at 10 Hz. Summated data from all recordings. The inset shows examples of responses to the first five pulses in the train from a cell of a wild-type mouse (top trace) and a synapsin I and II double knock-out mouse (bottom trace). Calibration: 100 ms, 500 pA.

Article Snippet: For immunocytochemistry, the following primary antibodies were used: polyclonal goat anti-synapsin Iab (1:100 dilutions; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and rabbit anti-synapsin IIab (0.1 μg/ml; StressGen Biotechnologies, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada).

Techniques: Knock-Out

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Synapsin Utilization Differs among Functional Classes of Synapses on Thalamocortical Cells

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4631-05.2006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synapsin double knock-out (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice had different characteristics of short-term facilitation in corticogeniculate synapses. A, Responses to paired-pulse stimulation of cortical afferents. Summated data from all recordings are shown. Error bars indicate SEM. The inset shows examples of five superimposed traces with different interstimulus intervals. Top traces, Wild-type mouse; bottom traces, synapsin I and II double knock-out mouse. B, Responses to pulse-train stimulation with 300 pulses at 10 Hz. Sum of data from all recordings. The inset shows the first three EPSCs, the 50th EPSC, and the last EPSC of single traces from a wild-type mouse (top trace) and a synapsin I and II double knock-out mouse (bottom trace). Calibration: 100 ms, 50 pA.

Article Snippet: For immunocytochemistry, the following primary antibodies were used: polyclonal goat anti-synapsin Iab (1:100 dilutions; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and rabbit anti-synapsin IIab (0.1 μg/ml; StressGen Biotechnologies, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada).

Techniques: Knock-Out

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Synapsin Utilization Differs among Functional Classes of Synapses on Thalamocortical Cells

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4631-05.2006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Posttetanic potentiation occurred at corticogeniculate synapses but was less pronounced in double knock-out (KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Responses evoked by test pulses delivered at 10 s intervals before and after application of a tetanic stimulus (100 pulses at 100 Hz). Summated data from all recordings are shown. Error bars indicate SEM. The inset shows examples of single EPSCs (before, 10, 30, 90, and 150 s after tetanization) from a cell of a wild-type mouse (top trace) and a synapsin I and II double knock-out mouse (bottom trace). Calibration: 500 ms, 500 pA.

Article Snippet: For immunocytochemistry, the following primary antibodies were used: polyclonal goat anti-synapsin Iab (1:100 dilutions; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and rabbit anti-synapsin IIab (0.1 μg/ml; StressGen Biotechnologies, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada).

Techniques: Knock-Out

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Synapsin Utilization Differs among Functional Classes of Synapses on Thalamocortical Cells

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4631-05.2006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synaptic terminals in LGN were differentially labeled by antibodies against synapsin I and synapsin II. A, Synapsin I antibody labeling of an RS terminal forming an asymmetric synapse (arrow). B, Synapsin I antibody labeling of an F terminal forming two symmetric synapses (arrows). The F terminal contains dark mitochondria (m). C, Synapsin II antibody labeling of three RS terminals, forming asymmetric synapses (arrows). Notice the unlabeled RL terminal, containing pale mitochondria (m), in the same field. This large terminal forms synapses (arrowheads) onto a dendrite. Scale bars, 500 nm. D, The proportions of the RL, RS, and F terminals among three populations of synapses: Total, all synaptic terminals found within the same regions that were examined for the presence of labeled terminals; Syn I, all terminals labeled by antibodies against synapsin I; Syn II, all terminals labeled by antibodies against synapsin II.

Article Snippet: For immunocytochemistry, the following primary antibodies were used: polyclonal goat anti-synapsin Iab (1:100 dilutions; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and rabbit anti-synapsin IIab (0.1 μg/ml; StressGen Biotechnologies, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada).

Techniques: Labeling, Antibody Labeling

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Synapsin Utilization Differs among Functional Classes of Synapses on Thalamocortical Cells

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4631-05.2006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synapsin I and II gene inactivation reduced the density of synaptic vesicles in terminals of corticothalamic afferents but had no effect on the density in terminals of retinothalamic afferents. A, RL terminal from a double knock-out (KO) mouse, containing pale mitochondria (m), with three synapses (arrowheads) onto geniculate dendrites. B, Two RS terminals from a double knock-out mouse. C, RS terminal from a wild-type (WT) mouse. Arrows in B and C point to synapses from the postsynaptic side. Scale bar, 1 μm. D, Average density of vesicles in RL and RS terminals from wild-type (WT) and synapsin I and II knock-out (KO) mice. The error bars indicate SEM.

Article Snippet: For immunocytochemistry, the following primary antibodies were used: polyclonal goat anti-synapsin Iab (1:100 dilutions; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and rabbit anti-synapsin IIab (0.1 μg/ml; StressGen Biotechnologies, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada).

Techniques: Knock-Out

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Synapsin Utilization Differs among Functional Classes of Synapses on Thalamocortical Cells

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4631-05.2006

Figure Lengend Snippet: Terminal area and intervesicle distance at corticothalamic terminals were increased in the knock-out mice. A, Frequency distribution of RS terminal area in synapsin I and II knock-out (KO) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Increased area, rather than reduction in number of vesicles, could explain the decreased vesicle density in the knock-out mice as illustrated schematically in the inset. In each pair of bars, the black one is for wild type, and the gray one is for knock-out. Bin width, 0.065 μm2. B, Average intervesicle distances distance in RL and RS terminals in wild-type and knock-out mice. Deletion of synapsins led to increased distance between synaptic vesicles as illustrated in the inset. The error bars are SEM.

Article Snippet: For immunocytochemistry, the following primary antibodies were used: polyclonal goat anti-synapsin Iab (1:100 dilutions; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and rabbit anti-synapsin IIab (0.1 μg/ml; StressGen Biotechnologies, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada).

Techniques: Knock-Out